Texas Wine Vineyards
George Ray McEachern, Larry A. Stein, Nancy Roe and Jim Kamas
Extension Horticulturists
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843-2134
January 27, 1997
The new Texas wine industry has prospered well since its rebirth in the
early 1970's. Growers in all areas of the state have planted vineyards with
great success. Charm, challenge, and fun have overpowered many viticultural
necessities every grower must learn and accomplish. Start small; wine growing
is the ultimate test for wanting and knowing what to do versus being able to
do it.
Climate
Texas has the greatest diversity of climate of any commercial wine region in
the world. Hot/cold, wet/dry, freeze, hail, wind, rain, and high light
intensity all contribute to the challenge of Vinifera culture. Despite
the weather, Vinifera has been grown in all but south and east Texas.
Soil
Grapes grow in many soils; high or low pH, shallow or deep, sandy or clay.
However, vine soil must always be well drained. The vineyard spacing,
training, pruning, and trellis system needs to match the soil influence on
vine vigor. Acid soils require lime, while high ph soils may require FerCal or
41B rootstocks to correct iron chlorosis. Vineyards in high soil pH are prone
to Cotton Root Rot.
Site
Growers with plans for a winery need to be in a "wet" area for
retail sales. Water and air drainage, diseases, predators, roads, weather,
labor, equipment, laws and electricity are important. Two acre inches of salt
free irrigation water must be available for each acre of vines to be planted.
Varieties
Vinifera grapes grow well in central, north and west Texas. LeNoir and
Blanc duBois need to be grown south of Fredericksburg and Del Rio and east of
Austin and Paris. North of Plainview, freeze limits varieties to Riesling and
Chardonnay. Cabernet Sauvignon and Chenin Blanc freeze if planted north of
Lubbock. Clones need to exhibit high yield and freeze tolerance.
Far north Texas growers may need Cynthiana or hybrids because of freeze and
disease resistance.
Rootstocks
Own-root vines are rapidly established after a freeze; therefore, rootstocks
should be used only if a specific need exists. In deep sand SO4 or 5C could be
used for nematode control. In high pH soil FerCal or 41B could be used for
preventing iron chlorosis. R110 is a good drought/heat tolerant root. Hotwater
treated Champanel may be used for Cotton Root Rot.
Trellis
Mechanical harvesting is the key to the future in Texas. A high wire Single
Curtain is a low cost system, can give high yields, and is adapted to
mechanical pruning and harvesting. Bilateral Cordon has been used well for 20
years. Vertical Shoot Positioning (VSP) on both wide or close spacing is used
for top quality fruit, but it is expensive to establish and manage with no
increase in yield. Quadrilateral Lyre for vigorous soil is a large VSP system
which can give both yield and quality. High density Guyot VSP used in Europe
must be limited to low vigor soil in Texas.
